精准医学决策支持知识组织研究

介绍国内外医学知识组织体系，从数据来源、概念抽取、语义关系构建几方面阐述基于精准医学临床决策支持系统的精准医学知识组织体系设计，分析其在门诊和住院场景的应用。     

Immunotherapy for urothelial carcinoma: Metastatic disease and beyond

For advanced and metastatic urothelial carcinomas (UCs), platinum (preferably cisplatin)‐based chemotherapy has been the standard treatment for many years. However, many patients are ineligible for cisplatin‐based chemotherapy because of poor performance status and/or other age‐related conditions. At the other end of the spectrum, patients with localized non‐muscle–invasive bladder cancer who are unresponsive to intravesical Bacillus Calmette‐Guérin (BCG) treatment often face radical cystectomy as the only option. In recent years, the application of immunotherapy in the form of immune‐checkpoint inhibitors has provided viable alternatives in the second‐line postplatinum and first‐line cisplatin‐ineligible settings. Recent and ongoing clinical trials are also assessing the safety and efficacy of immunotherapy for neoadjuvant and adjuvant uses before/after cystectomy, for BCG‐unresponsive cases, and for combination treatments that include the newer indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase‐1 inhibitors and/or BCG. This review summarizes recent developments in immunotherapy for UCs.     

PDCA循环在皮肤科护理管理中的应用观察

目的 探究PDCA循环在皮肤科护理管理中的应用效果.方法 纳入医院皮肤科2017年8月—2018年10月间的患者,共100例,计算机筛选后分为对照组和观察组,均有50例,在治疗期间前者接受常规护理,后者采取PDCA循环管理护理,比对护理满意度、并发症、生活质量和瘙痒情况.结果 不良反应发生率[观察组(4.00%)vs.对照组(18.00%)],P<0.05;护理满意度[观察组(98.00%)vs.对照组(80.00%)],P<0.05;观察组各维度的生活质量评分值均显著高于对照组,P<0.05;瘙痒程度评估观察组显著低于对照组,P<0.05.结论 在皮肤科护理管理中采取PDCA循环管理,可改善患处皮肤状况,提升患者的舒适度,提高其生活质量,整体提升护理的水平.     

多元化教学模式在骨科临床教学中的应用分析

目的研究多元化教学模式在骨科临床教学中的开展效果及价值。方法选取2018年1月-2019年7月在我院骨科实习的94名医学生,采用随机数字表法进行分组,为47名参照组学生采用传统教学方法,为47名学生采用多元化教学模式,对比二组学生的考核成绩与学生满意度。结果实验组学生的理论知识评分、实际操作评分、总成绩均高于参照组,实验组学生对教学方法的满意度(97.87%)也明显高于参照组(85.11%),经统计P<0.05,组间比较差异具有统计学分析价值。结论在骨科临床教学中,开展多元化教学模式,对提升教学效果与学生满意度均有积极帮助。     

First‐in‐human phase I study of E7090, a novel selective fibroblast growth factor receptor inhibitor,in patients with advanced solid tumors

Fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFR) are a family of transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinases involved in regulating cellular processes. FGFR mutations are implicated in oncogenesis, representing therapeutic potential in the form of FGFR inhibitors. This phase I, first‐in‐human study in Japan evaluated safety and tolerability of E7090, a potent selective FGFR1‐3 inhibitor, in patients with advanced solid tumors. Dose escalation (daily oral dose of 1‐180 mg) was carried out to assess dose‐limiting toxicity (DLT), maximum tolerated dose, and pharmacokinetics. Pharmacodynamic markers (serum phosphate, fibroblast growth factor 23, and 1,25‐(OH)₂‐vitamin D) were also evaluated. A total of 24 patients refractory to standard therapy or for whom no appropriate treatment was available were enrolled. No DLT were observed up to the 140‐mg dose; one patient in the 180‐mg cohort experienced a DLT (increased aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase, grade 3). The maximum tolerated dose was not reached. Dose‐dependent increases in the maximum concentration and area under the curve from time 0 to the last measurable concentration were observed up to 180 mg. Dose‐dependent increases were observed in all pharmacodynamic markers and plateaued at 100‐140 mg, indicating sufficient FGFR pathway inhibition at doses ≥100 mg. In conclusion, E7090 showed a manageable safety profile with no DLT at doses ≤140 mg. Maximum tolerated dose was not determined. The recommended dose for the follow‐up expansion part, restricted to patients with tumors harboring FGFR alterations, was determined as 140 mg, once daily.     

The use of isotretinoin for acne – an update on optimal dosing,surveillance, and adverse effects

ABSTRACT

Introduction

Acne is a chronic, inflammatory, and immune mediated disease of pilosebaceous unit, highly prevalent in adolescents. It involves face, trunk, and back; may leave scars and affect quality of life. Early, effective, and safe treatment is the key for disease resolution. Oral isotretinoin is the unique treatment for cure or prolonged remission for moderate and severe acne, preventing psychosocial impact and scars. It inhibits sebaceous glands activity and has anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory properties.     

人性化护理模式在手术室护理中的应用价值评价

目的讨论人性化护理模式对手术室患者治疗效果。方法回顾分析我院2018年1月-2018年12月份手术室收治的160例患者,按照患者的个人意愿随机分为常规护理组和人性化护理组,每组各80例。分别采取常规护理和人性化护理,对比两组患者的治疗效果。结果根据数据统计结果显示,人性化护理组患者的护理满意度(73.75%)高于常规护理组(58.75%),P<0.05,具有统计学意义。结论由于手术室患者的病情较重,而且很容易对手术产生明显的恐惧情绪。而人性化护理模式能够照顾患者情绪,有效减少手术时间,增强患者的手术信息,确保整个手术顺利进行,也能够促进术后患者的康复效果。     

情景模拟联合案例讨论在急诊护理临床带教中的应用体会

目的探究急诊护理临床带教中采用情景模拟、案例讨论联合教学法效果。方法在本院实习的若干名护生中,选取124名护生分按照教学方法分组,对照组62名实施传统急诊护理带教,观察组62名实施案例讨论、情景模拟联合教学法,对比临床带教效果。结果两组实践与理论成绩相比,观察组成绩更高(P<0.05)。思维、急救及应激能力自我评价相比,观察组的总提高率高于对照组(P<0.05)。实施案例分析结合情景模拟教学模式后,问卷调查中观察组无护生不赞同此模式,非常赞同此教学模式的护生占总人数的90%以上。结论实施案例讨论、情景模拟联合教学模式后,护生急诊护理实践与理论水平均提升,护生我评价较高。     

米非司酮联合宫瘤消胶囊对子宫肌瘤治疗效果

目的分析米非司酮和宫瘤消胶囊的联合应用对子宫肌瘤的临床治疗效果。方法本研究对象为80例子宫肌瘤患者,收治时间均在2017年3月—2018年3月期间。将上述子宫肌瘤患者随机分成两组,各40例。给予对照组患者口服米非司酮进行治疗,研究组患者在上述治疗的基础上增加宫瘤消胶囊口服治疗,记录2组患者治疗效果,性激素水平及子宫体积及肿瘤体积变化。结果(1)研究组患者的总体有效率显著高于对照组;(2)研究组患者的P、E2、LH及FSH均显著低于对照组;(3)研究组患者子宫体积及肿瘤体积均显著低于对照组。结论米非司酮片和宫瘤消胶囊的联合治疗对子宫肌瘤患者的治疗效果较显著。     

个性化营养管理在慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者中的应用

目的 探讨个性化营养干预对慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）患者的营养知信行水平、营养指标及活动耐力的影响。方法 选取我院2017 年1 月～2018 年12 月收治入院的COPD 患者224 例，用NRS 2002 对224 例COPD 住院患者进行营养风险筛查，其中存在营养风险者（NRS 2002≥3 分）68 例，按照入院先后顺序分为对照组和观察组，每组34 例，对照组给予常规饮食护理，观察组根据个体营养状况给予个性化营养管理，均持续干预1 个月。比较两组干预前后的营养知信行水平、营养指标及活动耐力的影响。结果 观察组在干预后其营养知信行水平、BMI、血清总蛋白（TP）、白蛋白（ALB）、淋巴细胞（LMP）数值及6 min 步行距离均显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）。结论 个性化营养干预能有效提高COPD 患者的营养知信行水平、提高营养指标、改善营养状况、增强活动耐力，从而提高生活质量。